Lock-in amplifiers and boxcar averagers are commonly used to extract weak, repetitive signals that are buried in noise. For signals with low duty cycles, a significant amount of signal power is filtered out at the higher harmonics. A boxcar averager is designed to gate the input signal in the time domain to improve the signal to noise ratio and creates a matched filter for the repetitive input signal.

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Cross-correlation is a common algorithm used to perform time delay analysis between two signals. This operation can be efficiently performed on an FPGA chip in the frequency domain.

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While minimizing noise in an electrical design is usually desirable, there are some test situations where you want to actively add or introduce noise. For example, you might wish to examine a system’s response in the presence of noise. Using linear shift feedback registers, we used Moku Cloud Compile to create a Gaussian Noise Generator capable of approximately 30 dBm of noise. This can be output as-is or added to a known signal.

A moving average filter is relatively simple to implement. Yet it is nearly ideal for removing random, white noise from signals.

A windowed event counter with programmable thresholds has applications in communications optics such as single photon detectors (SPD)

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While minimizing noise in an electrical design is usually desirable, there are some test situations where you want to actively add or introduce noise.